The Prevalence of Nocturnal Enuresis in Bangkok, Thailand: A Descriptive and Questionnaire Survey of 5 to 15 Year-Old School Students.

Objectives. Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is a common problem among school-aged children. Nonetheless, further information on NE prevalence in Thailand is needed. The prevalence of NE and factors associated with it were investigated. Methods. A descriptive study was conducted in schools in Bangkok, Thailand, among children aged 5 to 15 years, using a questionnaire survey between November 2018 and July 2019. Results. The prevalence of primary monosymptomatic, primary nonmonosymptomatic, and secondary NEs was 9.7%, 11.6%, and 8.2%, respectively. Primary NE was associated with a family history of NE (OR = 4.05, P < .001), drinking within 2 hours before bedtime (OR = 1.77, P = .01), and deep sleep (OR = 1.62, P = .001). Conclusion. Primary NE was prevalent in this setting, and the most related factor was a family history of NE. Parents should be aware of NE in their children, especially if a child has a linked factor.

Concomitant rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and acute rheumatic fever after streptococcus infection: a case report.

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) and acute rheumatic fever (ARF) are common immune-mediated complications after group A streptococcus (GAS) infection. The causative antigenic epitopes on GAS are different for APSGN and ARF, and their simultaneous occurrence is uncommon. A 12-year-old boy presented with fever and gross haematuria. He had subcutaneous nodules on the dorsum of both feet along with a new holosystolic murmur at the apex, and he developed hypertension and generalised oedema after admission. Investigation confirmed the diagnosis of ARF with APSGN. He received a corticosteroid to control inflammation of both the conditions. His clinical signs gradually improved but he still had rheumatic heart disease. As both diseases can occur in the same patient, treatment should be provided for both conditions.Abbreviations: APSGN: acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis; ARF: acute rheumatic fever; ASO: antistreptolysin O; Cr: serum creatinine; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; GAS: group A streptococcus; RBC: red blood cells; RPGN: rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis; S1: first heart sound; S2: second heart sound; TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram.

CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN OF PATHOGENS IN PEDIATRIC URINARY TRACT INFECTION.

Medical records of children less than 15-years of age admitted to hospital for urinary tract infection (UTI) from January 2010 to December 2014 were reviewed. Among 100 children (59% males and 41% females) with upper UTI, the most common pathogen (88%) was Escherichia coli, of which 69% were nonextended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and 19 % ESBL producers. Resistance to ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was 90% and 60%, respectively. All ESBL-producing E. coli were resistant to ampicillin and third generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftriaxone), while 87% and 1.5% of non ESBL-producing E. coli were resistant to ampicillin and the two third generation cephalosporins, respectively. These data highlight the high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in pediatric UTI and the potential problem in treating such infections.

Comparison of renal function between cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart disease in children and adolescent.

BACKGROUND: Glomerular and tubular dysfunction can be found in congenital heart disease (CHD) especially in older children and adults. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence renal dysfunction and to compare glomerular and tubular function between cyanotic and acyanotic CHD in children and adolescent. Correlations among clinicalfactors, urinary glomerular and tubular markers for kidney injury were also determined. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Renal function was determined by estimated glomerular filtration rate, urine protein/creatinine, urine microalbumin/creatinine, FE Na+, FE Mg2, and urine NAG/creatinine in children and adolescent with CHD. RESULTS: Forty-six patients, 15 cyanotic (group 1), and 31 acyanotic CHD (group 2), were studied. Only the differences of urine NAG/creatinine (median, 3.59 vs. 1.64 unit/gram creatinine; p = 0.008), FE Mg2+ (mean, 5.03 +/- 3.61% vs. 2.48 +/- 1.8%; p = 0.019), and urine protein/creatinine between the two groups were statistically significant (0.16 vs. 0.08; p = 0.001). No significant differences of clinical features, BUN, creatinine, eGFR, diastolic blood pressure, FE Na+, and urine microalbumin/creatinine were found between the two groups. Significantly higher prevalence ofabnormal biochemical markers in group 1 compared to those of group 2:86.6% vs. 43.38% (p = 0.02) for FE Mg2+; 46.6% vs. 9.67% (p = 0.008) for urine NAG/creatinine; 46.6% vs. 6.45% for significant proteinuria (p = 0.003); and 40% and 9.67% (p = 0.042) for microalbuminuria, respectively. The authors found moderate correlation between hemoglobin and functional class of the patients (r = 0.58) and highly negative correlation between oxygen saturation and functional class (r = -0.716). The relationships among other clinical or biochemical makers showed only low correlations. CONCLUSION: Cyanotic CHD patients had more prevalence and higher abnormal biochemical markers for renal dysfunction than those of acyanotic CHD. Their urine protein/creatinine, FE Mg2 and urine NAG/creatinine were higher than those of acyanotic CHD. Only low correlation among biochemical markers was found